Handling Time

When performing feature engineering with temporal data, carefully selecting the data that is used for any calculation is paramount. By annotating entities with a time index column and providing a cutoff time during feature calculation, Featuretools will automatically filter out any data after the cutoff time before running any calculations.

What is the Time Index?

The time index is the column in the data that specifies when the data in each row became known. For example, let’s examine a table of customer transactions:

In [1]: import featuretools as ft

In [2]: es = ft.demo.load_mock_customer(return_entityset=True, random_seed=0)

In [3]: es['transactions'].df.head()
Out[3]: 
     transaction_id  session_id    transaction_time  amount product_id
298             298           1 2014-01-01 00:00:00  127.64          5
2                 2           1 2014-01-01 00:01:05  109.48          2
308             308           1 2014-01-01 00:02:10   95.06          3
116             116           1 2014-01-01 00:03:15   78.92          4
371             371           1 2014-01-01 00:04:20   31.54          3

In this table, there is one row for every transaction and a transaction_time column that specifies when the transaction took place. This means that transaction_time is the time index because it indicates when the information in each row became known and available for feature calculations.

However, not every datetime column is a time index. Consider the customers entity:

In [4]: es['customers'].df
Out[4]: 
   customer_id           join_date date_of_birth zip_code
5            5 2010-07-17 05:27:50    1984-07-28    60091
4            4 2011-04-08 20:08:14    2006-08-15    60091
1            1 2011-04-17 10:48:33    1994-07-18    60091
3            3 2011-08-13 15:42:34    2003-11-21    13244
2            2 2012-04-15 23:31:04    1986-08-18    13244

Here, we have two time columns, join_date and date_of_birth. While either column might be useful for making features, the join_date should be used as the time index because it indicates when that customer first became available in the dataset.

Important

The time index is defined as the first time that any information from a row can be used. If a cutoff time is specified when calculating features, rows that have a later value for the time index are automatically ignored.

What is the Cutoff Time?

The cutoff_time specifies the last point in time that a row’s data can be used for a feature calculation. Any data after this point in time will be filtered out before calculating features.

For example, let’s consider a dataset of timestamped customer transactions, where we want to predict whether customers 1, 2 and 3 will spend $500 between 04:00 on January 1 and the end of the day. When building features for this prediction problem, we need to ensure that no data after 04:00 is used in our calculations.

retail cutoff time diagram

We pass the cutoff time to featuretools.dfs() or featuretools.calculate_feature_matrix() using the cutoff_time argument like this:

In [5]: fm, features = ft.dfs(entityset=es,
   ...:                       target_entity='customers',
   ...:                       cutoff_time=pd.Timestamp("2014-1-1 04:00"),
   ...:                       instance_ids=[1,2,3],
   ...:                       cutoff_time_in_index=True)
   ...: 

In [6]: fm
Out[6]: 
                                zip_code  COUNT(sessions)  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.device) MODE(sessions.device)  SUM(transactions.amount)  STD(transactions.amount)  MAX(transactions.amount)  SKEW(transactions.amount)  MIN(transactions.amount)  MEAN(transactions.amount)  COUNT(transactions)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id)  MODE(transactions.product_id)  DAY(join_date)  DAY(date_of_birth)  YEAR(join_date)  YEAR(date_of_birth)  MONTH(join_date)  MONTH(date_of_birth)  WEEKDAY(join_date)  WEEKDAY(date_of_birth)  SUM(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SUM(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  STD(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  STD(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MAX(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MAX(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  SKEW(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SKEW(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MIN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MIN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MEAN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MEAN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  MODE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  MODE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.customer_id)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.device)  MODE(transactions.sessions.customer_id) MODE(transactions.sessions.device)
customer_id time                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
1           2014-01-01 04:00:00    60091                4                            3                tablet                   4958.19                 42.309717                    139.23                  -0.006928                      5.81                  74.002836                   67                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  540.04                                                 20                               304.601700                              169.572874                                -0.505043                                   27.62                                5.027226                              271.917637                           5.678908                                                0.0                                10.426572                                 0.500353                                1.285833                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                85.469167                               46.905665                                 0.234349                                    8.74                                -0.451371                                 1.197406                            1.614843                                                0.0                                  -0.233453                                 1.235445                                 1.452325                                  129.00                                 1025.63                                 12                                                  5                                64.557200                               39.825249                                -0.830975                                 135.0100                                1239.5475                               16.75                                                  5                                  76.150425                                42.393218                                 -0.126261                                    6.905                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             4                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             tablet
2           2014-01-01 04:00:00    13244                4                            2               desktop                   4150.30                 39.289512                    146.81                  -0.134786                     12.07                  84.700000                   49                                    5                              4              15                  18             2012                 1986                 4                     8                   6                       0                                  569.29                                                 20                               340.791792                              157.262738                                 0.045171                                  105.24                                3.470527                              307.743859                           3.862210                                                0.0                                 8.983533                                 0.324809                               20.424007                                 1320.64                                 16                                                  5                                96.581000                               47.935920                                 0.295458                                   56.46                                 0.459305                                -0.823347                           -0.169238                                                0.0                                   0.651941                                -0.966834                                 1.815491                                  138.38                                  634.84                                  8                                                  5                                76.813125                               27.839228                                -0.455197                                 142.3225                                1037.5750                               12.25                                                  5                                  85.197948                                39.315685                                  0.011293                                   26.310                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             2                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        2                            desktop
3           2014-01-01 04:00:00    13244                1                            1                tablet                    941.87                 47.264797                    146.31                   0.618455                      8.19                  62.791333                   15                                    5                              1              13                  21             2011                 2003                 8                    11                   5                       4                                  146.31                                                  5                                62.791333                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                    8.19                                     NaN                                     NaN                                NaN                                                NaN                                      NaN                                      NaN                                     NaN                                  941.87                                 15                                                  5                                62.791333                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                    8.19                                      NaN                                      NaN                                 NaN                                                NaN                                        NaN                                      NaN                                      NaN                                  146.31                                  941.87                                 15                                                  5                                62.791333                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                 146.3100                                 941.8700                               15.00                                                  5                                  62.791333                                47.264797                                  0.618455                                    8.190                                                  1                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         1                                        3                             tablet

Even though the entityset contains the complete transaction history for each customer, only data with a time index up to and including the cutoff time was used to calculate the features above.

Using a Cutoff Time DataFrame

Oftentimes, the training examples for machine learning will come from different points in time. To specify a unique cutoff time for each row of the resulting feature matrix, we can pass a dataframe which includes one column for the instance id and another column for the corresponding cutoff time. These columns can be in any order, but they must be named properly. The column with the instance ids must either be named instance_id or have the same name as the target entity index. The column with the cutoff time values must either be named time or have the same name as the target entity time_index.

The column names for the instance ids and the cutoff time values should be unambiguous. Passing a dataframe that contains both a column with the same name as the target entity index and a column named instance_id will result in an error. Similarly, if the cutoff time dataframe contains both a column with the same name as the target entity time_index and a column named time an error will be raised.

Note

Only the columns corresponding to the instance ids and the cutoff times are used to calculate features. Any additional columns passed through are appended to the resulting feature matrix. This is typically used to pass through machine learning labels to ensure that they stay aligned with the feature matrix.

In [7]: cutoff_times = pd.DataFrame()

In [8]: cutoff_times['customer_id'] = [1, 2, 3, 1]

In [9]: cutoff_times['time'] = pd.to_datetime(['2014-1-1 04:00',
   ...:                              '2014-1-1 05:00',
   ...:                              '2014-1-1 06:00',
   ...:                              '2014-1-1 08:00'])
   ...: 

In [10]: cutoff_times['label'] = [True, True, False, True]

In [11]: cutoff_times
Out[11]: 
   customer_id                time  label
0            1 2014-01-01 04:00:00   True
1            2 2014-01-01 05:00:00   True
2            3 2014-01-01 06:00:00  False
3            1 2014-01-01 08:00:00   True

In [12]: fm, features = ft.dfs(entityset=es,
   ....:                       target_entity='customers',
   ....:                       cutoff_time=cutoff_times,
   ....:                       cutoff_time_in_index=True)
   ....: 

In [13]: fm
Out[13]: 
                                zip_code  COUNT(sessions)  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.device) MODE(sessions.device)  SUM(transactions.amount)  STD(transactions.amount)  MAX(transactions.amount)  SKEW(transactions.amount)  MIN(transactions.amount)  MEAN(transactions.amount)  COUNT(transactions)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id)  MODE(transactions.product_id)  DAY(join_date)  DAY(date_of_birth)  YEAR(join_date)  YEAR(date_of_birth)  MONTH(join_date)  MONTH(date_of_birth)  WEEKDAY(join_date)  WEEKDAY(date_of_birth)  SUM(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SUM(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  STD(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  STD(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MAX(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MAX(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  SKEW(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SKEW(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MIN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MIN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MEAN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MEAN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  MODE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  MODE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.customer_id)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.device)  MODE(transactions.sessions.customer_id) MODE(transactions.sessions.device)  label
customer_id time                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
1           2014-01-01 04:00:00    60091                4                            3                tablet                   4958.19                 42.309717                    139.23                  -0.006928                      5.81                  74.002836                   67                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  540.04                                                 20                               304.601700                              169.572874                                -0.505043                                   27.62                                5.027226                              271.917637                           5.678908                                                0.0                                10.426572                                 0.500353                                1.285833                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                85.469167                               46.905665                                 0.234349                                    8.74                                -0.451371                                 1.197406                            1.614843                                                0.0                                  -0.233453                                 1.235445                                 1.452325                                  129.00                                 1025.63                                 12                                                  5                                64.557200                               39.825249                                -0.830975                                135.01000                                1239.5475                               16.75                                                  5                                  76.150425                                42.393218                                 -0.126261                                  6.90500                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             4                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             tablet   True
2           2014-01-01 05:00:00    13244                5                            2               desktop                   5155.26                 38.047944                    146.81                  -0.121811                     12.07                  83.149355                   62                                    5                              4              15                  18             2012                 1986                 4                     8                   6                       0                                  688.14                                                 25                               418.096407                              190.987775                                -0.269747                                  127.06                               10.919023                              266.912832                           3.361547                                                0.0                                 8.543351                                 0.316873                               17.801322                                 1320.64                                 16                                                  5                                96.581000                               47.935920                                 0.295458                                   56.46                                -1.814717                                -0.667256                           -0.379092                                                0.0                                   1.082192                                -0.213518                                 1.959531                                  118.85                                  634.84                                  8                                                  5                                76.813125                               27.839228                                -0.455197                                137.62800                                1031.0520                               12.40                                                  5                                  83.619281                                38.197555                                 -0.053949                                 25.41200                                                  4                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             2                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        2                            desktop   True
3           2014-01-01 06:00:00    13244                4                            2               desktop                   2867.69                 40.349758                    146.31                   0.318315                      6.65                  65.174773                   44                                    5                              1              13                  21             2011                 2003                 8                    11                   5                       4                                  493.07                                                 16                               290.968018                              119.136697                                 0.860577                                  126.66                               22.808351                              417.557763                           7.118052                                                2.0                                16.540737                                 0.500999                               40.508892                                  944.85                                 17                                                  5                                91.760000                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                   91.76                                -1.060639                                -1.977878                           -1.330938                                               -2.0                                   0.201588                                 1.722323                                 1.874170                                   91.76                                   91.76                                  1                                                  1                                55.579412                               35.704680                                -0.289466                                123.26750                                 716.9225                               11.00                                                  4                                  72.742004                                39.712232                                  0.286859                                 31.66500                                                  2                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        3                            desktop  False
1           2014-01-01 08:00:00    60091                8                            3                mobile                   9025.62                 40.442059                    139.43                   0.019698                      5.81                  71.631905                  126                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                 1057.97                                                 40                               582.193117                              312.745952                                -0.476122                                   78.59                                7.322191                              279.510713                           4.062019                                                0.0                                13.759314                                 0.589386                                6.954507                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                88.755625                               46.905665                                 0.640252                                   26.36                                -0.780493                                 0.778170                            1.946018                                                0.0                                  -0.424949                                -0.312355                                 2.440005                                  118.90                                  809.97                                 12                                                  5                                50.623125                               30.450261                                -1.038434                                132.24625                                1128.2025                               15.75                                                  5                                  72.774140                                39.093244                                 -0.059515                                  9.82375                                                  4                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             4                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             mobile   True

We can now see that every row of the feature matrix is calculated at the corresponding time in the cutoff time dataframe. Because we calculate each row at a different time, it is possible to have a repeat customer. In this case, we calculated the feature vector for customer 1 at both 04:00 and 08:00.

Training Window

By default, all data up to and including the cutoff time is used. We can restrict the amount of historical data that is selected for calculations using a “training window.”

Here’s an example of using a two hour training window:

In [14]: window_fm, window_features = ft.dfs(entityset=es,
   ....:                                     target_entity="customers",
   ....:                                     cutoff_time=cutoff_times,
   ....:                                     cutoff_time_in_index=True,
   ....:                                     training_window="2 hour")
   ....: 

In [15]: window_fm
Out[15]: 
                                zip_code  COUNT(sessions)  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.device) MODE(sessions.device)  SUM(transactions.amount)  STD(transactions.amount)  MAX(transactions.amount)  SKEW(transactions.amount)  MIN(transactions.amount)  MEAN(transactions.amount)  COUNT(transactions)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id)  MODE(transactions.product_id)  DAY(join_date)  DAY(date_of_birth)  YEAR(join_date)  YEAR(date_of_birth)  MONTH(join_date)  MONTH(date_of_birth)  WEEKDAY(join_date)  WEEKDAY(date_of_birth)  SUM(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SUM(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  STD(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  STD(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MAX(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MAX(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  SKEW(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SKEW(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MIN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MIN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MEAN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MEAN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  MODE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  MODE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.customer_id)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.device)  MODE(transactions.sessions.customer_id) MODE(transactions.sessions.device)  label
customer_id time                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
1           2014-01-01 04:00:00    60091                2                            2               desktop                   2077.66                 43.772157                    139.09                  -0.187686                      5.81                  76.950370                   27                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  271.81                                                 10                               155.604500                               86.730914                                -0.604638                                   12.59                                4.504270                               18.667619                           2.121320                                           0.000000                                10.842658                                 0.747633                                0.685894                                 1052.03                                 15                                                  5                                85.469167                               46.905665                                 0.226337                                    6.78                                      NaN                                      NaN                                 NaN                                                NaN                                        NaN                                      NaN                                      NaN                                  132.72                                 1025.63                                 12                                                  5                                70.135333                               39.825249                                -0.830975                               135.905000                              1038.830000                           13.500000                                           5.000000                                  77.802250                                43.365457                                 -0.302319                                 6.295000                                                  2                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        1                            desktop   True
2           2014-01-01 05:00:00    13244                3                            2               desktop                   2605.61                 36.077146                    146.81                  -0.198611                     12.07                  84.051935                   31                                    5                              4              15                  18             2012                 1986                 4                     8                   6                       0                                  404.04                                                 15                               253.240615                              109.500185                                -0.110009                                   90.35                               14.342521                              203.331699                           2.516611                                           0.000000                                10.587085                                 0.242542                               23.329038                                 1004.96                                 13                                                  5                                96.581000                               47.935920                                 0.130019                                   56.46                                -1.083626                                -1.660092                            0.585583                                           0.000000                                   1.659252                                 1.121470                                 1.397956                                  118.85                                  634.84                                  8                                                  5                                77.304615                               27.839228                                -0.314918                               134.680000                               868.536667                           10.333333                                           5.000000                                  84.413538                                36.500062                                 -0.036670                                30.116667                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        2                            desktop   True
3           2014-01-01 06:00:00    13244                3                            1               desktop                   1925.82                 37.130891                    128.26                   0.110145                      6.65                  66.407586                   29                                    5                              1              13                  21             2011                 2003                 8                    11                   5                       4                                  346.76                                                 11                               228.176684                               71.871900                                 0.242122                                  118.47                               20.648490                              477.281339                           8.082904                                           2.309401                                18.557570                                 0.580573                               45.761028                                  944.85                                 17                                                  5                                91.760000                               36.167220                                 0.531588                                   91.76                                -1.721498                                -1.705607                           -0.722109                                          -1.732051                                  -1.081879                                      NaN                                 1.566223                                   91.76                                   91.76                                  1                                                  1                                55.579412                               35.704680                                -0.289466                               115.586667                               641.940000                            9.666667                                           3.666667                                  76.058895                                35.935950                                  0.121061                                39.490000                                                  2                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         1                                        3                            desktop  False
1           2014-01-01 08:00:00    60091                3                            2                mobile                   3124.15                 38.952172                    139.43                   0.047120                      5.91                  66.471277                   47                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  384.44                                                 15                               198.984750                              107.128899                                -0.003438                                   24.61                               10.415432                              330.655558                           0.577350                                           0.000000                                19.935229                                 0.906666                                3.016195                                 1420.09                                 16                                                  5                                88.755625                               44.354104                                 0.640252                                   11.62                                 0.846298                                 1.606791                           -1.732051                                           0.000000                                   1.344879                                 1.612576                                 1.443486                                  118.90                                  809.97                                 15                                                  5                                50.623125                               30.450261                                -1.038434                               128.146667                              1041.383333                           15.666667                                           5.000000                                  66.328250                                35.709633                                 -0.001146                                 8.203333                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        1                             mobile   True

We can see that that the counts for the same feature are lower after we shorten the training window:

In [16]: fm[["COUNT(transactions)"]]
Out[16]: 
                                 COUNT(transactions)
customer_id time                                    
1           2014-01-01 04:00:00                   67
2           2014-01-01 05:00:00                   62
3           2014-01-01 06:00:00                   44
1           2014-01-01 08:00:00                  126

In [17]: window_fm[["COUNT(transactions)"]]
Out[17]: 
                                 COUNT(transactions)
customer_id time                                    
1           2014-01-01 04:00:00                   27
2           2014-01-01 05:00:00                   31
3           2014-01-01 06:00:00                   29
1           2014-01-01 08:00:00                   47

Setting a Last Time Index

The training window in Featuretools limits the amount of past data that can be used while calculating a particular feature vector. A row in the entity is filtered out if the value of its time index is either before or after the training window. This works for entities where a row occurs at a single point in time. However, a row can sometimes exist for a duration.

For example, a customer’s session has multiple transactions which can happen at different points in time. If we are trying to count the number of sessions a user has in a given time period, we often want to count all the sessions that had any transaction during the training window. To accomplish this, we need to not only know when a session starts, but also when it ends. The last time that an instance appears in the data is stored as the last_time_index of an Entity. We can compare the time index and the last time index of the sessions entity above:

In [18]: es['sessions'].df['session_start'].head()
Out[18]: 
1   2014-01-01 00:00:00
2   2014-01-01 00:17:20
3   2014-01-01 00:28:10
4   2014-01-01 00:44:25
5   2014-01-01 01:11:30
Name: session_start, dtype: datetime64[ns]

In [19]: es['sessions'].last_time_index.head()
Out[19]: 
1   2014-01-01 00:16:15
2   2014-01-01 00:27:05
3   2014-01-01 00:43:20
4   2014-01-01 01:10:25
5   2014-01-01 01:22:20
Name: last_time, dtype: datetime64[ns]

Featuretools can automatically add last time indexes to every Entity in an Entityset by running EntitySet.add_last_time_indexes(). If a last_time_index has been set, Featuretools will check to see if the last_time_index is after the start of the training window. That, combined with the cutoff time, allows DFS to discover which data is relevant for a given training window.

Excluding data at cutoff times

The cutoff_time is the last point in time where data can be used for feature calculation. If you don’t want to use the data at the cutoff time in feature calculation, you can exclude that data by setting include_cutoff_time to False in featuretools.dfs() or:func:featuretools.calculate_feature_matrix. If you set it to True (the default behavior), data from the cutoff time point will be used.

Setting include_cutoff_time to False also impacts how data at the edges of training windows are included or excluded. Take this slice of data as an example:

In [20]: df = es['transactions'].df

In [21]: df[df["session_id"] == 1].head()
Out[21]: 
     transaction_id  session_id    transaction_time  amount product_id
298             298           1 2014-01-01 00:00:00  127.64          5
2                 2           1 2014-01-01 00:01:05  109.48          2
308             308           1 2014-01-01 00:02:10   95.06          3
116             116           1 2014-01-01 00:03:15   78.92          4
371             371           1 2014-01-01 00:04:20   31.54          3

Looking at the data, transactions occur every 65 seconds. To check how include_cutoff_time effects training windows, we can calculate features at the time of a transaction while using a 65 second training window. This creates a training window with a transaction at both endpoints of the window. For this example, we’ll find the sum of all transactions for session id 1 that are in the training window.

In [22]: from featuretools.primitives import Sum

In [23]: sum_log = ft.Feature(
   ....:     base=es['transactions']['amount'],
   ....:     parent_entity=es['sessions'],
   ....:     primitive=Sum,
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [24]: cutoff_time = pd.DataFrame({
   ....:     'session_id': [1],
   ....:     'time': ['2014-01-01 00:04:20'],
   ....: }).astype({'time': 'datetime64[ns]'})
   ....: 

With include_cutoff_time=True, the oldest point in the training window (2014-01-01 00:03:15) is excluded and the cutoff time point is included. This means only transaction 371 is in the training window, so the sum of all transaction amounts is 31.54

# Case1. include_cutoff_time = True
In [25]: actual = ft.calculate_feature_matrix(
   ....:     features=[sum_log],
   ....:     entityset=es,
   ....:     cutoff_time=cutoff_time,
   ....:     cutoff_time_in_index=True,
   ....:     training_window='65 seconds',
   ....:     include_cutoff_time=True,
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [26]: actual
Out[26]: 
                                SUM(transactions.amount)
session_id time                                         
1          2014-01-01 00:04:20                     31.54

Whereas with include_cutoff_time=False, the oldest point in the window is included and the cutoff time point is excluded. So in this case transaction 116 is included and transaction 371 is exluded, and the sum is 78.92

# Case2. include_cutoff_time = False
In [27]: actual = ft.calculate_feature_matrix(
   ....:     features=[sum_log],
   ....:     entityset=es,
   ....:     cutoff_time=cutoff_time,
   ....:     cutoff_time_in_index=True,
   ....:     training_window='65 seconds',
   ....:     include_cutoff_time=False,
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [28]: actual
Out[28]: 
                                SUM(transactions.amount)
session_id time                                         
1          2014-01-01 00:04:20                     78.92

Approximating Features by Rounding Cutoff Times

For each unique cutoff time, Featuretools must perform operations to select the data that’s valid for computations. If there are a large number of unique cutoff times relative to the number of instances for which we are calculating features, the time spent filtering data can add up. By reducing the number of unique cutoff times, we minimize the overhead from searching for and extracting data for feature calculations.

One way to decrease the number of unique cutoff times is to round cutoff times to an earlier point in time. An earlier cutoff time is always valid for predictive modeling — it just means we’re not using some of the data we could potentially use while calculating that feature. So, we gain computational speed by losing a small amount of information.

To understand when an approximation is useful, consider calculating features for a model to predict fraudulent credit card transactions. In this case, an important feature might be, “the average transaction amount for this card in the past”. While this value can change every time there is a new transaction, updating it less frequently might not impact accuracy.

Note

The bank BBVA used approximation when building a predictive model for credit card fraud using Featuretools. For more details, see the “Real-time deployment considerations” section of the white paper describing the work involved.

The frequency of approximation is controlled using the approximate parameter to featuretools.dfs() or featuretools.calculate_feature_matrix(). For example, the following code would approximate aggregation features at 1 day intervals:

fm = ft.calculate_feature_matrix(features=features,
                                 entityset=es_transactions,
                                 cutoff_time=ct_transactions,
                                 approximate="1 day")

In this computation, features that can be approximated will be calculated at 1 day intervals, while features that cannot be approximated (e.g “what is the destination of this flight?”) will be calculated at the exact cutoff time.

Secondary Time Index

It is sometimes the case that information in a dataset is updated or added after a row has been created. This means that certain columns may actually become known after the time index for a row. Rather than drop those columns to avoid leaking information, we can create a secondary time index to indicate when those columns become known.

The Flights entityset is a good example of a dataset where column values in a row become known at different times. Each trip is recorded in the trip_logs entity, and has many times associated with it.

In [29]: es_flight = ft.demo.load_flight(nrows=100)
Downloading data ...

In [30]: es_flight
Out[30]: 
Entityset: Flight Data
  Entities:
    trip_logs [Rows: 100, Columns: 21]
    flights [Rows: 13, Columns: 9]
    airlines [Rows: 1, Columns: 1]
    airports [Rows: 6, Columns: 3]
  Relationships:
    trip_logs.flight_id -> flights.flight_id
    flights.carrier -> airlines.carrier
    flights.dest -> airports.dest

In [31]: es_flight['trip_logs'].df.head(3)
Out[31]: 
    trip_log_id        flight_id date_scheduled  scheduled_dep_time  scheduled_arr_time            dep_time            arr_time  dep_delay  taxi_out  taxi_in  arr_delay  scheduled_elapsed_time  air_time  distance  carrier_delay  weather_delay  national_airspace_delay  security_delay  late_aircraft_delay  canceled  diverted
30           30  AA-494:RSW->CLT     2016-09-03 2017-01-01 13:14:00 2017-01-01 15:05:00 2017-01-01 13:03:00 2017-01-01 14:53:00      -11.0      12.0     10.0      -12.0           6660000000000      88.0     600.0            0.0            0.0                      0.0             0.0                  0.0       0.0       0.0
38           38  AA-495:ATL->PHX     2016-09-03 2017-01-01 11:30:00 2017-01-01 15:40:00 2017-01-01 11:24:00 2017-01-01 15:41:00       -6.0      28.0      5.0        1.0          15000000000000     224.0    1587.0            0.0            0.0                      0.0             0.0                  0.0       0.0       0.0
46           46  AA-495:CLT->ATL     2016-09-03 2017-01-01 09:25:00 2017-01-01 10:42:00 2017-01-01 09:23:00 2017-01-01 10:39:00       -2.0      18.0      8.0       -3.0           4620000000000      50.0     226.0            0.0            0.0                      0.0             0.0                  0.0       0.0       0.0

For every trip log, the time index is date_scheduled, which is when the airline decided on the scheduled departure and arrival times, as well as what route will be flown. We don’t know the rest of the information about the actual departure/arrival times and the details of any delay at this time. However, it is possible to know everything about how a trip went after it has arrived, so we can use that information at any time after the flight lands.

Using a secondary time index, we can indicate to Featuretools which columns in our flight logs are known at the time the flight is scheduled, plus which are known at the time the flight lands.

flight secondary time index diagram

In Featuretools, when creating the entity, we set the secondary time index to be the arrival time like this:

es = ft.EntitySet('Flight Data')
arr_time_columns = ['arr_delay', 'dep_delay', 'carrier_delay', 'weather_delay',
                    'national_airspace_delay', 'security_delay',
                    'late_aircraft_delay', 'canceled', 'diverted',
                    'taxi_in', 'taxi_out', 'air_time', 'dep_time']

es.entity_from_dataframe('trip_logs',
                         data,
                         index='trip_log_id',
                         make_index=True,
                         time_index='date_scheduled',
                         secondary_time_index={'arr_time': arr_time_columns})

By setting a secondary time index, we can still use the delay information from a row, but only when it becomes known.

Hint

It’s often a good idea to use a secondary time index if your entityset has inline labels. If you know when the label would be valid for use, it’s possible to automatically create very predictive features using historical labels.

Flight Predictions

Let’s make some features at varying times using the flight example described above. Trip 14 is a flight from CLT to PHX on January 31, 2017 and trip 92 is a flight from PIT to DFW on January 1. We can set any cutoff time before the flight is scheduled to depart, emulating how we would make the prediction at that point in time.

We set two cutoff times for trip 14 at two different times: one which is more than a month before the flight and another which is only 5 days before. For trip 92, we’ll only set one cutoff time, three days before it is scheduled to leave.

flight cutoff time diagram

Our cutoff time dataframe looks like this:

In [32]: ct_flight = pd.DataFrame()

In [33]: ct_flight['trip_log_id'] = [14, 14, 92]

In [34]: ct_flight['time'] = pd.to_datetime(['2016-12-28',
   ....:                                     '2017-1-25',
   ....:                                     '2016-12-28'])
   ....: 

In [35]: ct_flight['label'] = [True, True, False]

In [36]: ct_flight
Out[36]: 
   trip_log_id       time  label
0           14 2016-12-28   True
1           14 2017-01-25   True
2           92 2016-12-28  False

Now, let’s calculate the feature matrix:

In [37]: fm, features = ft.dfs(entityset=es_flight,
   ....:                       target_entity='trip_logs',
   ....:                       cutoff_time=ct_flight,
   ....:                       cutoff_time_in_index=True,
   ....:                       agg_primitives=["max"],
   ....:                       trans_primitives=["month"],)
   ....: 

In [38]: fm[['flight_id', 'label', 'flights.MAX(trip_logs.arr_delay)', 'MONTH(scheduled_dep_time)']]
Out[38]: 
                              flight_id  label  flights.MAX(trip_logs.arr_delay)  MONTH(scheduled_dep_time)
trip_log_id time                                                                                           
14          2016-12-28  AA-494:CLT->PHX   True                               NaN                          1
            2017-01-25  AA-494:CLT->PHX   True                              33.0                          1
92          2016-12-28  AA-496:PIT->DFW  False                               NaN                          1

Let’s understand the output:

  1. A row was made for every id-time pair in ct_flight, which is returned as the index of the feature matrix.

  2. The output was sorted by cutoff time. Because of the sorting, it’s often helpful to pass in a label with the cutoff time dataframe so that it will remain sorted in the same fashion as the feature matrix. Any additional columns beyond id and cutoff_time will not be used for making features.

  3. The column flights.MAX(trip_logs.arr_delay) is not always defined. It can only have any real values when there are historical flights to aggregate. Notice that, for trip 14, there wasn’t any historical data when we made the feature a month in advance, but there were flights to aggregate when we shortened it to 5 days. These are powerful features that are often excluded in manual processes because of how hard they are to make.

Creating and Flattening a Feature Tensor

The make_temporal_cutoffs() function generates a series of equally spaced cutoff times from a given set of cutoff times and instance ids.

This function can be paired with DFS to create and flatten a feature tensor rather than making multiple feature matrices at different delays.

The function takes in the the following parameters:

  • instance_ids (list, pd.Series, or np.ndarray): A list of instances.

  • cutoffs (list, pd.Series, or np.ndarray): An associated list of cutoff times.

  • window_size (str or pandas.DateOffset): The amount of time between each cutoff time in the created time series.

  • start (datetime.datetime or pd.Timestamp): The first cutoff time in the created time series.

  • num_windows (int): The number of cutoff times to create in the created time series.

Only two of the three options window_size, start, and num_windows need to be specified to uniquely determine an equally-spaced set of cutoff times at which to compute each instance.

If your cutoff times are the ones used above:

In [39]: cutoff_times
Out[39]: 
   customer_id                time  label
0            1 2014-01-01 04:00:00   True
1            2 2014-01-01 05:00:00   True
2            3 2014-01-01 06:00:00  False
3            1 2014-01-01 08:00:00   True

Then passing in window_size='1h' and num_windows=2 makes one row an hour over the last two hours to produce the following new dataframe. The result can be directly passed into DFS to make features at the different time points.

In [40]: temporal_cutoffs = ft.make_temporal_cutoffs(cutoff_times['customer_id'],
   ....:                                             cutoff_times['time'],
   ....:                                             window_size='1h',
   ....:                                             num_windows=2)
   ....: 

In [41]: temporal_cutoffs
Out[41]: 
                 time  instance_id
0 2014-01-01 03:00:00            1
1 2014-01-01 04:00:00            1
2 2014-01-01 04:00:00            2
3 2014-01-01 05:00:00            2
4 2014-01-01 05:00:00            3
5 2014-01-01 06:00:00            3
6 2014-01-01 07:00:00            1
7 2014-01-01 08:00:00            1

In [42]: fm, features = ft.dfs(entityset=es,
   ....:                       target_entity='customers',
   ....:                       cutoff_time=temporal_cutoffs,
   ....:                       cutoff_time_in_index=True)
   ....: 

In [43]: fm
Out[43]: 
                                zip_code  COUNT(sessions)  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.device) MODE(sessions.device)  SUM(transactions.amount)  STD(transactions.amount)  MAX(transactions.amount)  SKEW(transactions.amount)  MIN(transactions.amount)  MEAN(transactions.amount)  COUNT(transactions)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id)  MODE(transactions.product_id)  DAY(join_date)  DAY(date_of_birth)  YEAR(join_date)  YEAR(date_of_birth)  MONTH(join_date)  MONTH(date_of_birth)  WEEKDAY(join_date)  WEEKDAY(date_of_birth)  SUM(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SUM(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  SUM(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  STD(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  STD(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  STD(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MAX(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MAX(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MAX(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  SKEW(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  SKEW(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  SKEW(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MIN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MIN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MIN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MAX(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SUM(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.COUNT(transactions))  MEAN(sessions.NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.product_id))  MEAN(sessions.MEAN(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.STD(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.SKEW(transactions.amount))  MEAN(sessions.MIN(transactions.amount))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MODE(transactions.product_id))  MODE(sessions.WEEKDAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.YEAR(session_start))  MODE(sessions.DAY(session_start))  MODE(sessions.MONTH(session_start))  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.customer_id)  NUM_UNIQUE(transactions.sessions.device)  MODE(transactions.sessions.customer_id) MODE(transactions.sessions.device)
customer_id time                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
1           2014-01-01 03:00:00    60091                3                            3               desktop                   3932.56                 42.769602                    139.23                   0.140387                      5.81                  71.501091                   55                                    5                              1              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  400.95                                                 15                               219.132533                              129.747625                                 0.325932                                   20.84                                5.178021                              283.551883                           5.773503                                                0.0                                10.255607                                 0.210827                                1.571507                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                84.440000                               46.905665                                 0.234349                                    8.74                                 0.782152                                 0.685199                            1.732051                                                0.0                                   1.173675                                 0.763052                                 1.552040                                  129.00                                 1052.03                                 15                                                  5                                64.557200                               40.187205                                -0.134754                               133.650000                              1310.853333                           18.333333                                                  5                                  73.044178                                43.249208                                  0.108644                                 6.946667                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             mobile
            2014-01-01 04:00:00    60091                4                            3                tablet                   4958.19                 42.309717                    139.23                  -0.006928                      5.81                  74.002836                   67                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  540.04                                                 20                               304.601700                              169.572874                                -0.505043                                   27.62                                5.027226                              271.917637                           5.678908                                                0.0                                10.426572                                 0.500353                                1.285833                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                85.469167                               46.905665                                 0.234349                                    8.74                                -0.451371                                 1.197406                            1.614843                                                0.0                                  -0.233453                                 1.235445                                 1.452325                                  129.00                                 1025.63                                 12                                                  5                                64.557200                               39.825249                                -0.830975                               135.010000                              1239.547500                           16.750000                                                  5                                  76.150425                                42.393218                                 -0.126261                                 6.905000                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             4                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             tablet
2           2014-01-01 04:00:00    13244                4                            2               desktop                   4150.30                 39.289512                    146.81                  -0.134786                     12.07                  84.700000                   49                                    5                              4              15                  18             2012                 1986                 4                     8                   6                       0                                  569.29                                                 20                               340.791792                              157.262738                                 0.045171                                  105.24                                3.470527                              307.743859                           3.862210                                                0.0                                 8.983533                                 0.324809                               20.424007                                 1320.64                                 16                                                  5                                96.581000                               47.935920                                 0.295458                                   56.46                                 0.459305                                -0.823347                           -0.169238                                                0.0                                   0.651941                                -0.966834                                 1.815491                                  138.38                                  634.84                                  8                                                  5                                76.813125                               27.839228                                -0.455197                               142.322500                              1037.575000                           12.250000                                                  5                                  85.197948                                39.315685                                  0.011293                                26.310000                                                  3                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             2                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        2                            desktop
            2014-01-01 05:00:00    13244                5                            2               desktop                   5155.26                 38.047944                    146.81                  -0.121811                     12.07                  83.149355                   62                                    5                              4              15                  18             2012                 1986                 4                     8                   6                       0                                  688.14                                                 25                               418.096407                              190.987775                                -0.269747                                  127.06                               10.919023                              266.912832                           3.361547                                                0.0                                 8.543351                                 0.316873                               17.801322                                 1320.64                                 16                                                  5                                96.581000                               47.935920                                 0.295458                                   56.46                                -1.814717                                -0.667256                           -0.379092                                                0.0                                   1.082192                                -0.213518                                 1.959531                                  118.85                                  634.84                                  8                                                  5                                76.813125                               27.839228                                -0.455197                               137.628000                              1031.052000                           12.400000                                                  5                                  83.619281                                38.197555                                 -0.053949                                25.412000                                                  4                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             2                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        2                            desktop
3           2014-01-01 05:00:00    13244                2                            2               desktop                   1886.72                 41.199361                    146.31                   0.637074                      6.65                  58.960000                   32                                    5                              1              13                  21             2011                 2003                 8                    11                   5                       4                                  273.05                                                 10                               118.370745                               83.432017                                 1.150043                                   14.84                               13.838080                                2.107178                           1.414214                                                0.0                                 5.099599                                 0.061424                                1.088944                                  944.85                                 17                                                  5                                62.791333                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                    8.19                                      NaN                                      NaN                                 NaN                                                NaN                                        NaN                                      NaN                                      NaN                                  126.74                                  941.87                                 15                                                  5                                55.579412                               36.167220                                 0.531588                               136.525000                               943.360000                           16.000000                                                  5                                  59.185373                                41.716008                                  0.575022                                 7.420000                                                  1                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        3                            desktop
            2014-01-01 06:00:00    13244                4                            2               desktop                   2867.69                 40.349758                    146.31                   0.318315                      6.65                  65.174773                   44                                    5                              1              13                  21             2011                 2003                 8                    11                   5                       4                                  493.07                                                 16                               290.968018                              119.136697                                 0.860577                                  126.66                               22.808351                              417.557763                           7.118052                                                2.0                                16.540737                                 0.500999                               40.508892                                  944.85                                 17                                                  5                                91.760000                               47.264797                                 0.618455                                   91.76                                -1.060639                                -1.977878                           -1.330938                                               -2.0                                   0.201588                                 1.722323                                 1.874170                                   91.76                                   91.76                                  1                                                  1                                55.579412                               35.704680                                -0.289466                               123.267500                               716.922500                           11.000000                                                  4                                  72.742004                                39.712232                                  0.286859                                31.665000                                                  2                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         2                                        3                            desktop
1           2014-01-01 07:00:00    60091                7                            3                tablet                   7605.53                 41.018896                    139.43                   0.149908                      5.81                  69.141182                  110                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                  931.86                                                 35                               493.437492                              280.421418                                 0.562312                                   66.97                                7.441648                              273.713405                           4.386125                                                0.0                                13.123365                                 0.471955                                7.470707                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                85.469167                               46.905665                                 0.640252                                   26.36                                -1.277394                                 1.377768                            1.927658                                                0.0                                  -0.282093                                -0.755846                                 2.552328                                  118.90                                  809.97                                 12                                                  5                                50.623125                               30.450261                                -0.830975                               133.122857                              1086.504286                           15.714286                                                  5                                  70.491070                                40.060203                                  0.080330                                 9.567143                                                  4                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             1                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             tablet
            2014-01-01 08:00:00    60091                8                            3                mobile                   9025.62                 40.442059                    139.43                   0.019698                      5.81                  71.631905                  126                                    5                              4              17                  18             2011                 1994                 4                     7                   6                       0                                 1057.97                                                 40                               582.193117                              312.745952                                -0.476122                                   78.59                                7.322191                              279.510713                           4.062019                                                0.0                                13.759314                                 0.589386                                6.954507                                 1613.93                                 25                                                  5                                88.755625                               46.905665                                 0.640252                                   26.36                                -0.780493                                 0.778170                            1.946018                                                0.0                                  -0.424949                                -0.312355                                 2.440005                                  118.90                                  809.97                                 12                                                  5                                50.623125                               30.450261                                -1.038434                               132.246250                              1128.202500                           15.750000                                                  5                                  72.774140                                39.093244                                 -0.059515                                 9.823750                                                  4                                             1                                         1                                        1                                          1                                             4                                      2                                2014                                  1                                    1                                              1                                         3                                        1                             mobile